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1 half-duplex telegraphy
Техника: полудуплексное телеграфированиеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > half-duplex telegraphy
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2 полудуплексное телеграфирование
Engineering: half-duplex telegraphyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > полудуплексное телеграфирование
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3 полудуплексный повторитель
Telegraphy: half-duplex repeaterУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > полудуплексный повторитель
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4 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
5 связь
(напр. эталонов) echelon, binding, association, bond, bonding, ( элемент) balk, band, belt, brace, communications, communication, conjunction, connection, constraint мех., coupling, brace rod, link, linkage, restraint, ( в опалубке) tie spacer, stay, telecommunications, ( программ) thread, tie* * *связь ж.1. communicationвести́ связь — he engaged in communication, communicateвходи́ть в связь без по́иска и подстро́йки — select [work] a preset frequency [a preset station]входи́ть в связь с … — establish communication with …выходи́ть из свя́зи — terminate (the) contactвыходи́ть на связь — get on [go on the air] for a radio contactдава́ть связь по обхо́ду — divert the traffic, reroute«для веде́ния свя́зи нажми́ танге́нту …» — “to communicate, press the push-to-talk switch”зака́нчивать сеа́нс свя́зи — sign offконтроли́ровать прохожде́ние свя́зи — monitor the copyначина́ть сеа́нс свя́зи — sign onпереходи́ть на связь c, напр. диспе́тчерской слу́жбой подхо́да ав. — change to, e. g., approach controlпереходи́ть на связь с., напр. КПД ав. — change to, e. g., towerподде́рживать связь в усло́виях поме́х [глуше́ния] — communicate through jamming«разреши́те зако́нчить связь?» ( запрос с самолёта) ав. — “request permission to switch off my station”устана́вливать связь — establish communication, establish contact, contact«установи́те связь с КДП Шереме́тьево!» ( распоряжение с КДП самолёту) ав. — “contact Sheremetevo tower!”2. (в атомах, молекулах, соединениях) bond, linkразрыва́ть связь — split a bondукомплекто́вывать связь (напр. в атоме) — satisfy a bondэ́та связь неукомплекто́вана — this is an unsatisfied bond3. (в цепях, между цепями и элементами) элк. couplingсвязь ме́жду А и В — ё́мкостная — A is capacitively coupled (in)to Bс като́дной свя́зью — cathode-coupled4. ( в расчётных схемах)1) ( ограничение) constraint, restraint2) ( элемент физической конструкции) stay; tieнакла́дывать связь — impose a constraint, exercise a restraint, restrain5. ( в математической логике) unionавари́йная связь — emergency communicationавиацио́нная связь — aeronautical communicationавтотрансформа́торная связь — tapped-coil couplingадгезио́нная связь — adhesive bondа́нкерная связь — anchor tieба́лочная связь — tie beamбесподстро́ечная (беспоиско́вая) связь радио — instant selection of preset [pretuned] channels [stations]вести́ бесподстро́ечную беспоиско́вую связь — select [contact] a preset stationвале́нтная связь — valence bond, valence linkветрова́я связь — wind tieволоко́нно-опти́ческая связь — fibre-optics communicationгальвани́ческая связь — conductive [resistive] couplingгеометри́ческая связь — geometric constraintгироскопи́ческая связь — gyroscopic couplingглоба́льная связь — global [world-wide] communicationдвусторо́нняя связь1. bilateral constraint2. two-way communicationди́плексная связь — diplex operate, diplex workingдифференциа́льная связь мат. — differential constraintсвязь для специа́льных служб радио — emergency-service communcationдо́норная связь — donor bondдро́ссельная связь — impedance couplingдро́ссельно-ё́мкостная связь — impendance-capacitance couplingдупле́ксная связь — duplex operation, duplex workingё́мкостная связь — capacitive couplingё́мкостно-резисти́вная связь — capacitance-resistance [RC] couplingжё́сткая связь элк. — tight couplingсвязь жё́сткости мех. — braceсо свя́зями жё́сткости — bracedсвязь жё́сткости, рабо́тающая на растяже́ние — tension braceсвязь жё́сткости, рабо́тающая на сжа́тие — push braceзвукоподво́дная связь — underwater sonar communicationсвязь земля́ — самолё́т — ground-to-air communicationиндукти́вная связь — inductive couplingио́нная связь — ionic [electrovalent] bondкато́дная связь — cathode couplingсвязь КВ — high-frequency [HF] communication(s)связь ко́нтуров, ё́мкостная вне́шняя — series capacitive couplingсвязь ко́нтуров, ё́мкостная вну́тренняя — shunt capacitive couplingсвязь ко́нтуров, непо́лная элк. — tapped-down connection, tapping-downко́нтур име́ет непо́лную связь с ла́мпой — there is tapped-down connection from the tuned circuit to the tubeсвязь ко́нтуров, по́лная — untapped connectionсвязь входно́го ко́нтура с управля́ющей се́ткой, по́лная — there is untapped connection from the input tuned circuit to the control grid, the grid is connected across the whole of the input circuitсвязь ко́рпуса су́дна — (strength) member of a ships hullкорреляцио́нная связь — correlationкосми́ческая связь — space communicationкра́тная связь — multiple bondприсоединя́ть по ме́сту кра́тных свя́зей — add to multiple bondsкрити́ческая связь — critical couplingла́зерная связь — laser(-beam) communicationсвязь ме́жду систе́мами — intersystem communicationмежсисте́мная связь — intersystem communicationметалли́ческая связь — metallic bondметео́рная связь — meteor burst communicationмногокана́льная связь — multichannel communicationмоби́льная связь — vehicular communicationнеуде́рживающая связь — unilateral constraintsобра́тная связь — feedbackохва́тывать обра́тной свя́зью — place a feedback path [loop] around [over] …, apply feedbackохва́тывать обра́тной свя́зью большо́й глубины́ — apply a large amount of feedbackохва́тывать обра́тной свя́зью какой-л. каска́д — apply feedback to such-and-such stageобра́тная, акусти́ческая связь — acoustic(al) feedbackобра́тная, вну́тренняя связь полупр. — intrinsic feedbackобра́тная, ги́бкая связь — vanishing feenbackобра́тная, ё́мкостная связь — capacitive feedbackобра́тная, жё́сткая связь — unity [direct] feedbackобра́тная, заде́ржанная связь — delayed feedbackобра́тная, заде́рживающая связь — delaving feedbackобра́тная, избира́тельная связь — selective feedbackобра́тная, изодро́мная связь — proportional-plus-integral feedbackобра́тная, индукти́вная связь — inductive feedbackобра́тная, кванто́ванная связь — quantized feedbackобра́тная, многоко́нтурная связь — multiloop feedbackобра́тная, отрица́тельная связь — negative [degenerative] feedbackобра́тная, положи́тельная связь — positive [regenerative] feedbackобра́тная связь по напряже́нию — voltage feedbackобра́тная связь по огиба́ющей — envelope feedbackобра́тная связь по положе́нию — position feedbackобра́тная связь по произво́дной — rate feedbackобра́тная связь по ско́рости — velocity [rate] feedbackобра́тная связь по то́ку — current feedbackобра́тная связь по ускоре́нию — acceleration feedbackобра́тная связь по частоте́ — frequency feedbackобра́тная, пропорциона́льная связь — proportional feedbackобра́тная, резисти́вная связь — resistive feedbackобра́тная, стабилизи́рующая связь — stabilizing feedbackодина́рная связь — single bondодносторо́нняя связь1. unilateral constraint2. one-way connection, one-way operation, one-way workingоптима́льная связь — optimum couplingопти́ческая связь — optical communicationпарази́тная связь — stray [spurious] couplingполудупле́ксная связь — half-duptex operation, half-duplex workingпопере́чная связь1. cross-linkage, cross bond2. мех. transverse [cross] braceпричи́нная связь — causalityпроводна́я связь — wire communicationпроводна́я, в. ч. связь — carrier-current communicationпряма́я связь — feedforwardрадиореле́йная связь — radio-relay communicationрадиотелегра́фная связь — radiotetegraphy, radiotelegraph communicationрадиотелефо́нная связь — radiotelephone (service)реоста́тная связь — resistance couplingреоста́тно-ё́мкостная связь — resistance-capacitance [RC] couplingсвязь самолё́т — земля́ — air-to-ground communicationсвязь самолё́т — самолё́т — plane-to-plane [air-to-air] communicationсверхкрити́ческая связь — overcritical couplingсвязь СВЧ ( не путать со свя́зью на сантиметро́вых дли́нах волн) — microwave communication(s) (not to he confused with SHF; in Russian usage, СВЧ — microwaves)связь с высо́ким у́ровнем шумо́в — noisy communicationсвязь с высо́кой информацио́нной ё́мкостью — high-capacity communicationселе́кторная связь — intercom telephonyси́мплексная связь — simplex operation, simplex workingсвязь с испо́льзованием (да́льнего) тропосфе́рного рассе́яния — tropospheric scatter [troposcatter] communicationсопряжё́нные свя́зи хим. — conjugated bondsспин-орбита́льная связь — spin-orbit couplingтелегра́фная связь1. ( обмен) telegraphy, telegraph communication2. ( соединение) telegraph connectionтелегра́фная, пряма́я междунаро́дная связь — direct international (telegraph) connectionтелефо́нная связь — telephony, telephone communication, telephone serviceтелефо́нная, междугоро́дная связь — long-distance [toll] telephonyтелефо́нная связь тона́льной частоты́ — voice-frequency telephonyтрансформа́торная связь элк. — transformer couplingуде́рживающая связь — bilateral constraintсвязь УКВ — VHF/ UHF communication(s)факси́мильная связь — facsimile (service)фототелегра́фная связь — facsimile (service)хими́ческая связь — chemical bondциркуля́рная связь — conference connectionцифрова́я связь — digital communicationсвязь че́рез иску́сственный спу́тник Земли́ — satellite-assisted communicationщелева́я связь — slot couplingэлектро́нная связь — ejectron couplingэлектростати́ческая связь — electrostatic coupling
См. также в других словарях:
Duplex telegraphy — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
half duplex — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex — Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications channels,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex escapement — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex lathe — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex pumping engine — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex querela — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex watch — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Duplex (telecommunications) — A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. The term multiplexing is used when describing communication between more than two parties or devices … Wikipedia
full duplex — Duplex Du plex, a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See {Two}, and {Complex}.] 1. Double; twofold. [1913 Webster] 2. (Computers) organized so that data may be transmitted in two opposite directions over the same channel; of communications… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Modem — For other uses, see Modem (disambiguation). A modem (modulator demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The… … Wikipedia
